A new study from the Costs of War project at Brown University estimates 149,000 war-related deaths, with an additional 162,000 serious injuries, in Afghanistan and Pakistan since 2001. And even these numbers don't tell the whole story, which includes significant destruction of infrastructure, displacement of people, and indirect deaths from malnutrition and disease.

Civilian casualties have been particularly high, according to the report, totaling around 26,270 deaths in Afghanistan and 21,500 in Pakistan. The study says that most of the civilian casualties in Afghanistan are caused by militant groups, but the number caused by Afghan and international forces has been increasing since 2012.

The current conflict in Afghanistan dates from 2001. The ruling power at the time, the Taliban, were toppled by a U.S.-led coalition in response to the 9/11 terrorist attacks in the United States. Even though the extremist regime was formally overthrown, it never stopped its insurgency in an effort to regain control.

The turmoil in Pakistan, which has its own Taliban and al Qaeda factions, has become more closely related to that of Afghanistan, with refugees and anti-government militants crossing borders. "It is important for policy makers and others to view the effects and implications of these wars together, because they are so interconnected," said Neta Crawford, the author of the Brown study.

The international community has worked with local organizations to address the crisis in both countries. One notable example was the start of the Basic Package of Health Services in Afghanistan in 2003, which substantially increased access to health care. But Crawford says that such efforts will need to be long-term: "The indirect health effects of war persist beyond the end of fighting. Both Afghanistan and Pakistan will continue to need an infusion of aid for public health after these wars end."

The Costs of War project at Brown's Watson Institute is interdisciplinary, drawing from the resources of economics, law, political science and other fields. Its report uses data from international agencies such as the United Nations and the Red Cross.